Abstract
Sulfur has been previously reported to modulate plant growth and exhibit significant anti-microbial activities. However, the mechanism underlying its diverse effects on plant pathogens has not been elucidated completely. The present study conducted the two-year field experiment of sulfur application to control kiwifruit canker from 2017 to 2018. For the first time, our study uncovered activation of plant disease resistance by salicylic acid after sulfur application in kiwifruit. The results indicated that when the sulfur concentration was 1.5–2.0 kg m−3, the induced effect of kiwifruit canker reached more than 70%. Meanwhile, a salicylic acid high lever was accompanied by the decline of jasmonic acid. Further analysis revealed the high expression of the defense gene, especially AcPR-1, which is a marker of the salicylic acid signaling pathway. Additionally, AcICS1, another critical gene of salicylic acid synthesis, was also highly expressed. All contributed to the synthesis of increasing salicylic acid content in kiwifruit leaves. Moreover, the first key lignin biosynthetic AcPAL gene was marked up-regulated. Thereafter, accumulation of lignin content in the kiwifruit stem and the higher deposition of lignin were visible in histochemical analysis. Moreover, the activity of the endochitinase activity of kiwifruit leaves increased significantly. We suggest that the sulfur-induced resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae via salicylic activates systemic acquired resistance to enhance plant immune response in kiwifruit.
Highlights
Accepted: 15 November 2021The bacterial canker of kiwifruit is a devastating disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa)
The results showed for the first time that the activation of the Salicylic Acid (SA) signaling pathway might play an essential role in the mechanism of sulfur-induced kiwifruit resistance to canker, mainly highly expressed AcPR-1 and AcPAL genes
The greatest decrease in the disease severity was observed for sulfur concentration of 1.5–2.0 kg m−3
Summary
Accepted: 15 November 2021The bacterial canker of kiwifruit is a devastating disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa). The bacterial canker of kiwifruit is a devastating disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. Since its initial discovery in Japan in 1984 [1], this disease has been found in many countries, such as Italy [2], France [3], and New Zealand [4]. This disease was first discovered in the Hunan province, China, where it destroyed about. Chemical control remains the primary option in the canker of kiwifruit during agricultural production. Extensive chemical pesticides to control plant diseases can often generate resistance and cause pesticide-contaminated environments. Sulfur is one of the 16 essential elements involved in plant growth and development, which can actively participate in the maintenance of the physiological function of the living organisms, regulate plant metabolism [6,7,8], and may improve both the yield and the quality of kiwifruit [9,10]
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