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Abstract
Hard carbon derived from fossil products is widely used as anode material for lithium-ion batteries. However, there are still several main shortcomings such as high cost, and poor rate performance, which restrict its wide application. Then tremendous efforts have been devoted to developing biomaterials in the battery applications. Recently, especially agricultural and industrial by-products have attracted much attention due to the electric double-layer capacitors. Herein, we report the sulfur-doped hard carbon (SHC) materials from the tannin-furanic resins (TF-Resin) of the derived agricultural by-products, followed by enveloping rGO on its surface through the hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide. SHC provides sites for the storage of lithium, while the rGO layers can offer a highly conductive matrix to achieve good contact between particles and promote the diffusion and transport of ions and electrons. As a result, the SHC@rGO shows excellent lithium storage performance with initial discharge capacity around 746 mAh g−1 at a current density of 50 mA g−1, and shows superb stability keeping capacity retention of 91.9% after 200 cycles. Moreover, even at a high current density of 2,000 mAg−1, SHC@rGO still delivers a specific capacity of 188 mAg−1. These desired promising properties are active to the implement in the possible practical application.
Highlights
Nowadays, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used with energy storage systems and portable digital devices because of their long cycle stability and high energy density (Etacheri et al, 2011; Wang et al, 2014)
The sulfur-doped hard carbon (SHC)@reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was obtained after enveloped with the rGO on its surface through the hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and assembled into a 2016 Coin battery
The SHC@rGO sample consists of irregular HC particles and lamellar reduced graphene oxide with a wrinkled surface (Figures 1C,D). which is help construct the conductive network and guaranteeing fast electron conduction
Summary
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used with energy storage systems and portable digital devices because of their long cycle stability and high energy density (Etacheri et al, 2011; Wang et al, 2014). As well-known, the precursors for preparing hard carbon are mainly petrochemical raw materials, such as a phenolic resin (Liu et al, 1996), high molecular polymers (Piotrowska et al, 2013), asphalt (Larcher et al, 1999; Mochida et al, 2001), etc These raw materials are non-renewable substances, and the price is volatile because of fluctuations in international oil prices. This study compares the following petrochemical raw materials: (i) tannins and furfuryl alcohol raw materials, which have the advantages of environmental friendliness, low-cost, and renewability; (ii) the full biomass-derived hard carbon, which has optimal electrochemical properties; and (iii) it provides a reference for the application of the full biomass resin materials in energy storage materials. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were performed on an Ivium electrochemical workstation
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