Abstract
Recent studies have shown various metabolic and transcriptomic interactions between sulfur (S) and phosphorus (P) in plants. However, most studies have focused on the effects of phosphate (Pi) availability and P signaling pathways on S homeostasis, whereas the effects of S availability on P homeostasis remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the interactions between S and P from the perspective of S availability. We investigated the effects of S availability on Pi uptake, transport, and accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana grown under sulfur sufficiency (+S) and deficiency (−S). Total P in shoots was significantly increased under −S owing to higher Pi accumulation. This accumulation was facilitated by increased Pi uptake under −S. In addition, −S increased root-to-shoot Pi transport, which was indicated by the increased Pi levels in xylem sap under −S. The −S-increased Pi level in the xylem sap was diminished in the disruption lines of PHT1;9 and PHO1, which are involved in root-to-shoot Pi transport. Our findings indicate a new aspect of the interaction between S and P by listing the increased Pi accumulation as part of −S responses and by highlighting the effects of −S on Pi uptake, transport, and homeostasis.
Highlights
Phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) are essential macro elements required for plant growth and development
Total S decreased under −S in shoots of all genotypes (Figure S5). These results suggested the existence of additional mechanisms underlying the Pi accumulation in shoots under −S other than the increased root-to-shoot Pi transport via PHT1;9 and PHO1
We investigated the effects of S availability on Pi accumulation, uptake, and transport to shoots in A. thaliana and demonstrated the increased Pi uptake and Pi accumulation in shoots and xylem sap under −S (Figure 1, Figure 2, and Figure 7), thereby highlighting crosstalk between S and P under −S
Summary
Phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) are essential macro elements required for plant growth and development. Plants can reduce sulfate and produce the S-containing amino acids, such as cysteine and methionine, which are required for protein synthesis [6,7]. Glutathione, a primary S metabolite, plays important roles for the detoxification of reactive oxygen species and heavy metals [11]. Both S and P play essential roles in photosynthesis, protein modification, and cellular signaling [1,2,3,5,7,12]
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