Abstract
Gold amalgam microelectrodes (GAMEs) have been characterized and successfully calibrated to measure >1.5 mM (30 mg L−1) sulfide in artificial wastewater (AWW) using cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV). Microbial sulfide generation in two types of AWW was traced. Artificial wastewater type 1 (AWW1) held the potential for almost 50% conversion of sulfur compounds at a maximum rate of ~4.3 ± 0.5 µM h−1 while AWW 2 held a potential for 75–100% conversion at a rate of 165 µM h−1. In addition, the GAMEs were thoroughly examined during fabrication, maturation, and aging. An earlier described plating method was found to result in varying electrode surfaces due to excess mercury deposition and, therefore, deviating stripping signals. The limited shelf life of GAMEs has been proposed previously. This study shows the extent of electrode surface changes during amalgam formation and the wear and tear of application. As a result, suggestions to optimize fabrication and application are discussed to provide reliable measurements and proceed toward a future commercialization.
Highlights
Sulfide emissions in the sewer are undesired
The temperature was changed at a constant sulfide concentration of 25 μM (Figure 2a)
Zhang et al gave an overview on sulfide concentrations in waste streams that require emission control [5]
Summary
Sulfide emissions in the sewer are undesired. They cause corrosion, spread an unpleasant scent, and endanger the operators [1,2]. They originate mostly from microbial dissimilatory sulfate conversion or the degradation of other sulfurous compounds such as cysteine [3,4]. The methods to prevent sulfide emissions are often discontinuous and, less efficient [5,6]. Online sulfide detection increases the efficiency of these methods as it allows taking action in the right place and time. Ways to detect sulfide are manifold [7]. One of them is cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV)
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