Abstract
The toxic effect of lead (Pb) causes to anemia and iron deficiency in human body. So, the lead determination in blood/serum samples is very important. In this study, a novel adsorbent based on sulfamethizole functionalized on nanographene oxide (C3H10N4O2S2-NGO; SM-NGO) was used for extraction of Pb(II) from human blood, serum and plasma samples in battery manufactories workers by SF-D-µ-SPE. By procedure, 25 mg of SM-NGO mixed with 10 mL of human blood/serum or plasma samples and aspirated by 10 mL of syringe tube. After sonication of samples for 5 min, the Pb ions adsorbed based on sulfur of SM-NGO adsorbent at pH=6 and the solid phase separated by syringe coupled to Millex-FG hydrophobic PTFE membrane (0.2 µm). Then, the lead ions were back-extracted from SM-NGO/PTFE by elution phase with 0.5 mL of nitric acid solution (0.5 M). Finally, the concentrations of Pb(II) ions were determined by AT-FAAS.
Highlights
Heavy metals intakes to human body from air, water and foods
Various sample preparation method such as liquid-phase microextraction or dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) [18,19], hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents based on microextraction techniques[20], the headspace solid-phase microextraction [21], the carriermediated hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction [22], the dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) combined with ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic drop (UAEME-SFO)[23], the microextraction based on precipitation[24], the magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) [25], and dispersive-micro solid phase extraction procedure (D-μ-SPE) [26], were used for lead determination in different human matrixes
The sulfamethizole functionalized on nanographene oxide caused to make favorite adsorbent based on sulfur group for lead extraction in blood, serum and plasma samples
Summary
Heavy metals intakes to human body from air, water and foods. Heavy metals such as lead (Pb), chromium (CrVI) and mercury (Hg) cause to serious problem in humans and depended on way entrance. The various methods were reported for lead determination in human biological samples. The instrumental techniques such as the electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET-AAS) [13,14], the inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectroscopy or mass spectrometry (ICP-AES/MS) [16], the high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) and the isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-ICP-MS) were used for lead determination in different matrixes[17]. The sample preparation method is required for extracting of lead ions in different biological samples before determination by spectrometry techniques. Instrumental Lead in human blood and serum samples determined by the GBC906 atom trap flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AT-FAAS, AUS) after sample preparation. The vortex mixer (Thermo, USA) with 100-500 rpm, ultrasonic heating (Iran) and Falcon centrifuging (1000-4500rpm) prepared for this study
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