Abstract
Black carbon (BC) emissions intensify global warming and are linked to adverse health effects. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) considers the impact of BC emissions from international shipping. A prerequisite for the anticipated limits to BC emissions from marine engines is a reliable measurement method. The three candidate methods (photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS), laser-induced incandescence (LII), and filter smoke number (FSN)) selected by the IMO were evaluated with extensive ship exhaust matrices obtained by different fuels, engines, and emission control devices. A few instruments targeted for atmospheric measurements were included as well. The BC concentrations were close to each other with the smoke meters (AVL 415S and 415SE), PAS (AVL MSS), LII (Artium-300), MAAP 5012, aethalometers (Magee AE-33 and AE-42), and EC (TOA). In most cases, the standard deviation between instruments was in the range of 5–15% at BC concentrations below 30 mg Sm−3. Some differences in the BC concentrations measured with these instruments were potentially related to the ratio of light-absorbing compounds to sulphates or to particle sizes and morphologies. In addition, calibrations, sampling, and correction of thermophoretic loss of BC explained differences in the BC results. However, overall differences in the BC results obtained with three candidate methods selected by the IMO were low despite challenging exhaust compositions from marine diesel engines. Findings will inform decision making on BC emission control from marine engines.
Highlights
Global warming is enhanced by black carbon (BC) emissions directly through increased radiative forcing of atmosphere and indirectly through ice melting through deposition of Black carbon (BC) on ice and snow, which is detrimental in the Arctic, along with increasing shipping [1,2,3,4]
In campaign B, on-board measurements were conducted from two modern medium-speed diesel engines (MSD1, MSD2), with one engine equipped with the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and scrubber, and the other engine with the scrubber only, at engine loads of 75% and 40%
The BC results from the individual instruments were compared with average results obtained with smoke meters (SM)(SFN), Micro Soot Sensor (MSS)(PAS), MAAP, EC(TOA), and laser-induced incandescence (LII)
Summary
Global warming is enhanced by black carbon (BC) emissions directly through increased radiative forcing of atmosphere and indirectly through ice melting through deposition of BC on ice and snow, which is detrimental in the Arctic, along with increasing shipping [1,2,3,4]. 2011 (the 62nd meeting of the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC 62)). The work progressed in 2015 (MEPC 68) by agreeing on the definition of BC for international shipping as defined by Bond et al [9], and in 2018 by selecting the three candidate methods for BC measurements: photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS), laser-induced incandescence (LII), and filter smoke number (FSN)
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