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Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) composites (CD/g-C3N4) were successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal method using urea and sugarcane juice as starting materials. The chemical composition, morphological structure and optical properties of the composites and CDs were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques as well as transmission electron microscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results revealed new signals for carbonyl and carboxyl groups originating from the CDs in CD/g-C3N4 composites while X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed distortion of the host matrix after incorporating CDs into g-C3N4. Both analyses signified the interaction between g-C3N4 and CDs. The photoluminescence (PL) analysis indicated that the presence of too many CDs will create trap states at the CD/g-C3N4 interface, decelerating the electron (e−) transport. However, the CD/g-C3N4(0.5) composite with the highest coverage of CDs still achieved the best bisphenol A (BPA) degradation rate at 3.87 times higher than that of g-C3N4. Hence, the charge separation efficiency should not be one of the main factors responsible for the enhancement of the photocatalytic activity of CD/g-C3N4. Instead, the light absorption capability was the dominant factor since the photoreactivity correlated well with the ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectra (UV–vis DRS) results. Although the CDs did not display upconversion photoluminescence (UCPL) properties, the π-conjugated CDs served as a photosensitizer (like organic dyes) to sensitize g-C3N4 and injected electrons to the conduction band (CB) of g-C3N4, resulting in the extended absorption spectrum from the visible to the near-infrared (NIR) region. This extended spectral absorption allows for the generation of more electrons for the enhancement of BPA degradation. It was determined that the reactive radical species responsible for the photocatalytic activity were the superoxide anion radical (O2•−) and holes (h+) after performing multiple scavenging tests.
Highlights
Carbon dots (CDs) predominantly consist of amorphous carbon together with nanocrystalline regions of sp2-hybridized graphitic carbon [1]
Some works have been carried out in this field, several insights have yet to be explored to fill the gaps of previous works, including (i) the utilization of harmless solar energy as a resource to irradiate photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutant and (ii) acknowledgement that the most reported bioprecursor-derived CDs and g-C3N4 composite are limited to the photocatalytic generation of H2
With an increase in the concentration of CDs, the UV–vis DRS results showed a broader and stronger visible and near infrared (NIR) light absorption band while the lattice distortion of g-C3N4 was observed in X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis
Summary
Carbon dots (CDs) predominantly consist of amorphous carbon together with nanocrystalline regions of sp2-hybridized graphitic carbon [1]. The photocatalytic performance of bulk g-C3N4 remains unsatisfactory because of the fast recombination rate of electron pairs and narrower light absorption range over the entire solar spectrum.
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