SUFEMO: A superpixel based fuzzy image segmentation method for COVID-19 radiological image elucidation

Abstract

COVID-19 causes an ongoing worldwide pandemic situation. The non-discovery of specialized drugs and/or any other kind of medicines makes the situation worse. Early diagnosis of this disease will be certainly helpful to start the treatment early and also to bring down the dire spread of this highly infectious virus. This article describes the proposed novel unsupervised segmentation method to segment the radiological image samples of the chest area that are accumulated from the COVID-19 infected patients. The proposed approach is helpful for physicians, medical technologists, and other related experts in the quick and early diagnosis of COVID-19 infection. The proposed approach will be the SUFEMO (SUperpixel based Fuzzy Electromagnetism-like Optimization). This approach is developed depending on some well-known theories like the Electromagnetism-like optimization algorithm, the type-2 fuzzy logic, and the superpixels. The proposed approach brings down the processing burden that is required to deal with a considerably large amount of spatial information by assimilating the notion of the superpixel. In this work, the EMO approach is modified by utilizing the type 2 fuzzy framework. The EMO approach updates the cluster centers without using the cluster center updation equation. This approach is independent of the choice of the initial cluster centers. To decrease the related computational overhead of handling a lot of spatial data, a novel superpixel-based approach is proposed in which the noise-sensitiveness of the watershed-based superpixel formation approach is dealt with by computing the nearby minima from the gradient image. Also, to take advantage of the superpixels, the fuzzy objective function is modified.The proposed approach was evaluated using both qualitatively and quantitatively using 310 chest CT scan images that are gathered from various sources. Four standard cluster validity indices are taken into consideration to quantify the results. It is observed that the proposed approach gives better performance compared to some of the state-of-the-art approaches in terms of both qualitative and quantitative outcomes. On average, the proposed approach attains Davies–Bouldin index value of 1.812008792, Xie–Beni index value of 1.683281, Dunn index value 2.588595748, and β index value 3.142069236 for 5 clusters. Apart from this, the proposed approach is also found to be superior with regard to the rate of convergence. Rigorous experiments prove the effectiveness of the proposed approach and establish the real-life applicability of the proposed method for the initial filtering of the COVID-19 patients.