Successful stabilization of functionalized hybrid graphene for high-performance antimicrobial activity

Abstract

We have prepared an antimicrobial nanocomposite composed of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using antimicrobial agents and catechol derivative conjugated to polyethylene glycol-grafted poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PEG-g-PDMA). Graphene oxide (GO) has been simultaneously reduced by 2-chloro-3′,4′-dihydroxyacetophenone (CCDP) in Tris buffer at pH 8.5 following catechol chemistry. Both CCDP and antimicrobial agent 1-bromododecane (C12) were quaternized to PEG-g-PDMA (CCDP-C12)-q-(PEG-g-PDMA). This synthesized polymer functionalized rGO as an antimicrobial nanocomposite, rGO/(CCDP-C12)-q-(PEG-g-PDMA). To increase antimicrobial activity, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were deposited onto the high surface area of rGO/(CCDP-C12)-q-(PEG-g-PDMA). The prepared antimicrobial nanocomposite shows significant stability in aqueous media due to the hydrophilic behaviour of PEG. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigation clearly shows the quaternization of C-12 and deposition of Ag NPs onto rGO surfaces. Ag NP-deposited rGO/(CCDP-C12)-q-(PEG-g-PDMA) shows better antimicrobial activity both against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria at lower concentration compared to without applying Ag NPs. Investigation of the cytotoxicity demonstrates outstanding non-toxic properties of both the prepared nanocomposite as well as the synthesized polymer.