Subthreshold characteristics of ballistic electron emission spectra

Abstract

We report upon a comprehensive investigation of the subthreshold characteristics of the ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM) current in ballistic electron emission spectroscopy. Starting from the Bell-Kaiser model, we derive an analytical equation to describe the subthreshold behavior of the BEEM current. It is found that the BEEM current in this region should exhibit a subthreshold swing of ∼60 mV/decade at room temperature, which we experimentally verified. This finding provides a rule of thumb for the detectability of the subthreshold behavior in a spectrum. For spectra where the subthreshold behavior is discernible above the signal noise, it is demonstrated that significant deviations in the near-threshold region can occur when fitting with a simple quadratic model that ignores the subthreshold behavior. To take the subthreshold behavior into account, a simple analytical model is proposed. This model not only fits significantly better in the near threshold region than the square model, but also gives a barrier height closer to the one extracted from the Bell-Kaiser model. More significantly, this model provides a quick method to estimate the subthreshold BEEM current amplitude based on the BEEM current above the barrier height.