Subsystem Ginzburg-Landau and symmetry-protected topological order coexisting on a graph

Abstract

We analyze a model demonstrating the co-existence of subsystem symmetry breaking (SSB) and symmetry-protected topological (SPT) order, or subsystem LSPT order for short. Its mathematical origin is the existence of both a subsystem and a local operator, both of which commute with the Hamiltonian but anti-commute between themselves. The reason for the exponential growth of the ground state degeneracy is attributed to the existence of subsystem symmetries, which allows one to define both the Landau order parameter and the SPT-like order for each independent loop.