Abstract
Geotechnical site investigation related to subsurface profile mapping was commonly performed to provide valuable data for design and construction stage based on conventional drilling techniques. From past experience, drilling techniques particularly using borehole method suffer from limitations related to expensive, time consuming and limited data coverage. Hence, this study performs subsurface profile mapping using 3-D compressive wave imaging in order to minimize those conventional method constraints. Field measurement and data analysis of compressive wave (p-wave, vp) was performed using seismic refraction survey (ABEM Terraloc MK 8, 7 kg of sledgehammer and 24 units of vertical geophone) and OPTIM (SeisOpt@Picker & SeisOpt@2D) software respectively. Then, 3-D compressive wave distribution of subsurface studied was obtained using analysis of SURFER software. Based on 3-D compressive wave image analyzed, it was found that subsurface profile studied consist of three main layers representing top soil (vp = 376 – 600 m/s), weathered material (vp = 900 – 2600 m/s) and bedrock (vp > 3000 m/s). Thickness of each layer was varied from 0 – 2 m (first layer), 2 – 20 m (second layer) and 20 m and over (third layer). Moreover, groundwater (vp = 1400 – 1600 m/s) starts to be detected at 2.0 m depth from ground surface. This study has demonstrated that geotechnical site investigation data related to subsurface profiling was applicable to be obtained using 3-D compressive wave imaging. Furthermore, 3-D compressive wave imaging was performed based on non destructive principle in ground exploration thus consider economic, less time, large data coverage and sustainable to our environment.
Highlights
The main purpose of the site investigation is to determine sub-surface profile which required the information of soil, rock and groundwater
Information obtained from drilling method was a single point data (1D) and common interpolation technique between large boreholes spacing can lead to increase the degree of uncertainties of subsurface profile investigated [5, 6]
The geometry and geo-materials of subsurface profile studied has been determined by analyzing seismic compressive wave data and the result has shown some good correlation based on previous references
Summary
The main purpose of the site investigation is to determine sub-surface profile which required the information of soil, rock and groundwater. According to [8], conventional method invasive technique provide more reliable results but suffering from laborious, time consuming and results reliability turn difficult involving large scale of area. The solutions to these challenges will require multidisciplinary research across the social and physical sciences and engineering [9]. Seismic refraction method able to provide large data coverage based on compressive wave distribution of 2-D and 3-D imaging. This study focused on 3-D compressive wave imaging via seismic refraction method to investigate subsurface profile at Parit Seri Mendapat, Batu Pahat, Johor Malaysia. Seismic raw data obtained from field measurement was analyzed using OPTIM and SURFER software to produce 3-D compressive wave imaging
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