Abstract
ABSTRACT The organisation of the visual system in semi-terrestrial crabs is related to the three-dimensional structure of the environment (Zeil et al. 1986; Nalbach and Nalbach, 1987; Nalbach et al. 1989a,b;Zeil et al. 1989). In species that Eve in flat habitats - like sandy ocean beaches or mudflats - we find: (1) long, vertically oriented eye stalks; (2) a small separation between the eyes; (3) an acute zone for vertical resolving power with its maximum along the eye equator; and (4) a specific gradient of vertical resolution towards more dorsal and more ventral directions of view. Species that live in three-dimensionally more complex worlds - like rocky shorelines and within mangrove forests - have short eye stalks far apart at the lateral corners of the carapace and lack prominent acute zones.
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