Abstract
Worldwide declines in riverine fish abundance and diversity have been linked to the fragmentation of aquatic habitats through the installation of instream structures (e.g. culverts, dams, weirs and barrages). Restoring riverine connectivity can be achieved by remediating structures impeding fish movements by, for example, replacing smooth substrates of pipe culverts with naturalistic substrates (i.e. river stones; culvert roughening). However, empirical evaluations of the efficacy of such remediation efforts are often lacking despite the high economic cost. We assessed the effectiveness of substrate roughening in improving fish swimming performance and linked this to estimates of upstream passage success. Critical swimming speeds (Ucrit) of two small-bodied fish, purple-spotted gudgeon (Mogurnda adspersa; 7.7-11.6 cm total length, BL) and crimson-spotted rainbowfish (Melanotaenia duboulayi; 4.2-8.7 cm BL) were examined. Swimming trials were conducted in a hydraulic flume fitted with either a smooth acrylic substrate (control) or a rough substrate with fixed river stones. Swimming performance was improved on the rough compared to the smooth substrate, with Mo. adspersa (Ucrit-smooth = 0.28 ± 0.0 m s-1, 2.89 ± 0.1 BL s-1, Ucrit-rough = 0.36 ± 0.02 m s-1, 3.66 ± 0.22 BL s-1, mean ± s.e) and Me. duboulayi (Ucrit-smooth = 0.46 ± 0.01 m s-1, 7.79 ± 0.33 BL s-1; Ucrit-rough = = 0.55 ± 0.03 m s-1, 9.83 ± 0.67 BL s-1, mean ± s.e.) both experiencing a 26% increase in relative Ucrit. Traversable water velocity models predicted maximum water speeds allowing successful upstream passage of both species to substantially increase following roughening remediation. Together these findings suggest culvert roughening may be a solution which allows hydraulic efficiency goals to be met, without compromising fish passage.
Highlights
Disruption of riverine connectivity is one of the leading threats to the persistence of riverine fishes (Paul and Meyer, 2001; Nilsson et al, 2005; Liermann et al, 2012)
Substrate treatment had a significant effect on critical swimming speeds (Ucrit) of both Me. duboulayi (ANCOVA, Culvert remediation models predicted maximum water speeds allowing successful upstream passage of both species to decrease with increasing culvert length, across the range of 2–60 m (Fig. 5)
To enable upstream movement of Mo. adspersa through ‘small’, ‘medium’ and ‘large’ smooth culverts, water velocities would need to be as low as ≤0.28, 0.22 and 0.09 m s−1, respectively; whereas these velocities increase to ≤ 0.35, 0.29 and 0.16 m s−1 in roughened culverts (Fig. 5A)
Summary
Disruption of riverine connectivity is one of the leading threats to the persistence of riverine fishes (Paul and Meyer, 2001; Nilsson et al, 2005; Liermann et al, 2012). Instream structures (e.g. dams, weirs, barrages and culverts) can impede up- and down-stream fish movements by creating physical (e.g. dam walls), hydraulic Free and efficient movement throughout waterways is essential to the survival and reproductive success of many fishes (Fausch et al, 2002). Artificial structures can disrupt these processes and have been linked to local extinction events globally (Gehrke et al, 2002; Quinn and Kwak, 2003; Lundqvist et al, 2008)
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