Abstract
Developing sodium (Na)-ion batteries is highly appealing because they offer the potential to be made from raw materials, which hold the promise to be less expensive, less toxic, and at the same time more abundant compared to state-of-the-art lithium (Li)-ion batteries. In this work, the Na-ion storage capability of nanostructured organic–inorganic polyaniline (PANI) titanium dioxide (TiO2) composite electrodes is studied. Self-organized, carbon-coated, and oxygen-deficient anatase TiO2–x-C nanotubes (NTs) are fabricated by a facile one-step anodic oxidation process followed by annealing at high temperatures in an argon–acetylene mixture. Subsequent electropolymerization of a thin film of PANI results in the fabrication of highly conductive and well-ordered, nanostructured organic–inorganic polyaniline-TiO2 composite electrodes. As a result, the PANI-coated TiO2–x-C NT composite electrodes exhibit higher Na storage capacities, significantly better capacity retention, advanced rate capability, and better Coulombic efficiencies compared to PANI-coated Ti metal and uncoated TiO2–x-C NTs for all current rates (C-rates) investigated.
Highlights
Over the last 30 years, the demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for powering a variety of applications, from handheld consumer electronics to power-demanding electric vehicles, has been constantly growing.[1]
If we further take into account that the absolute capacity decrease for PANI-coated TiO2−x-C NTs is 7.4 μAh cm−2 compared to 6.45 μAh cm−2 for the pure TiO2−x-C NTs, only 0.95 μAh cm−2 or 4.2% of the initial capacity decrease is related to the PANI material itself and the rest must be attributed to electrolyte decomposition and/or side reactions
PANI-coated TiO2−x-C NTs exhibit higher Coulombic efficiencies compared to PANI-coated Ti metal and uncoated TiO2−x-C NTs for all current rates (C-rates)
Summary
Over the last 30 years, the demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for powering a variety of applications, from handheld consumer electronics to power-demanding electric vehicles, has been constantly growing.[1] Most LIBs today employ transition-metal oxides, mainly LiCoO2, or LiFePO4 as cathode-active materials, which, despite their apparent success, pose severe concerns for future large-scale energy storage. Oxygen deficiency is known to support the phase transition that occurs upon Liion intercalation and deintercalation in TiO2 This enables a significantly better Li-ion battery performance compared to stoichiometric anatase NTs regarding intercalation capacity and rate capability.[25,30−32] The high-temperature annealing in an argon−acetylene gas mixture leads to the conversion of the.
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