Substance use outcomes in cocaine-dependent tobacco smokers: A mediation analysis exploring the role of sleep disturbance, craving, anxiety, and depression

Abstract

BackgroundSleep disturbance may play a role in cocaine use outcomes and, hence, may be a potential therapeutic target for cocaine use disorder (CUD). Research in this area, which has largely relied on resource-intensive polysomnography, would be facilitated by identifying a self-report sleep measure predictive of CUD outcomes and by a better understanding of the mechanisms by which sleep may impact CUD outcomes. This study tested the predictive validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), a self-report assessment of past-month sleep quality. To better understand potential mechanisms, mediation models relating sleep disturbance to CUD outcomes were evaluated. MethodsThis is a secondary analysis of data from cocaine-dependent (n = 290) participants in a multi-site trial evaluating smoking-cessation treatment for stimulant-dependent patients. The PSQI was collected at baseline; the outcomes of interest were cocaine and drug abstinence at end-of-treatment (weeks 9–10). Potential mediators, measured in weeks 1–8, were: cocaine craving (Brief Substance Craving Scale); and anxiety and depression symptoms (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale). Mediation techniques were used to evaluate mediation effects separately and jointly. ResultsThe majority of participants (58.3%) had baseline sleep disturbance. Sleep disturbance was not a significant predictor of end-of-treatment abstinence when regressed without consideration of mediators. Cocaine craving, anxiety, and depression were significant mediators, both separately and jointly, of an effect of baseline sleep disturbance on end-of-treatment abstinence. ConclusionThis exploratory analysis suggests that there may be an indirect relationship between self-reported sleep quality and substance use outcomes in cocaine-dependent patients, mediated by craving, anxiety, and depression.Trial registration:ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01077024