Abstract
We propose using coupled deep learning based super-resolution restoration (SRR) and single-image digital terrain model (DTM) estimation (SDE) methods to produce subpixel-scale topography from single-view ESA Trace Gas Orbiter Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS) and NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) images. We present qualitative and quantitative assessments of the resultant 2 m/pixel CaSSIS SRR DTM mosaic over the ESA and Roscosmos Rosalind Franklin ExoMars rover’s (RFEXM22) planned landing site at Oxia Planum. Quantitative evaluation shows SRR improves the effective resolution of the resultant CaSSIS DTM by a factor of 4 or more, while achieving a fairly good height accuracy measured by root mean squared error (1.876 m) and structural similarity (0.607), compared to the ultra-high-resolution HiRISE SRR DTMs at 12.5 cm/pixel. We make available, along with this paper, the resultant CaSSIS SRR image and SRR DTM mosaics, as well as HiRISE full-strip SRR images and SRR DTMs, to support landing site characterisation and future rover engineering for the RFEXM22.
Highlights
Mars is the most Earth-like planet within our solar system and is probably the Earth’s closest habitable neighbour
We have produced nine single-strip Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS) PAN band 1 m/pixel super-resolution restoration (SRR) images and 2 m/pixel SRR-digital terrain model (DTM), a brightness and contrast image IDs) 1 m/pixel SRR images and 2 m/pixel SRR-DTMs, a brightness and contrast corrected 1 m/pixel CaSSIS SRR greyscale image mosaic, a 1 m/pixel CaSSIS SRR colour corrected 1 m/pixel CaSSIS SRR greyscale image mosaic, a 1 m/pixel CaSSIS SRR colour image mosaic
We show that we can use coupled MARSGAN SRR and MADNet SDE
Summary
Mars is the most Earth-like planet within our solar system and is probably the Earth’s closest habitable neighbour. Critical to this endeavour has been the role of remotely sensed images since the first successful flyby mission in 1965 by Mariner IV [1], and over the last 56 years via multiple orbital (e.g., [2,3,4,5,6]) and robotic (e.g., [7,8,9,10]) missions. Altimeter (MOLA) DTM [11,12], higher resolution Mars DTMs are typically produced from the 12.5–50 m/pixel Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) images [13], the. 6 m/pixel Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) Context Camera (CTX) images [14], the. The DTM products derived from these imaging sources often have different effective resolutions and spatial coverage, depending on the properties of the input images and the DTM retrieval methods, which include traditional photogrammetric methods [18,19,20,21], photoclinometry methods [22,23,24,25], and deep learning-based methods [26,27,28,29]
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