Abstract
BackgroundMalaria during pregnancy results in adverse outcomes for mothers and infants. Intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is the primary intervention aimed at reducing malaria infection during pregnancy. Although submicroscopic infection is common during pregnancy and at delivery, its impact throughout pregnancy on the development of placental malaria and adverse pregnancy outcomes has not been clearly established.MethodsQuantitative PCR was used to detect submicroscopic infections in pregnant women enrolled in an observational study in Blantyre, Malawi to determine their effect on maternal, foetal and placental outcomes. The ability of SP to treat and prevent submicroscopic infections was also assessed.Results2,681 samples from 448 women were analysed and 95 submicroscopic infections were detected in 68 women, a rate of 0.6 episodes per person-year of follow-up. Submicroscopic infections were most often detected at enrolment. The majority of women with submicroscopic infections did not have a microscopically detectable infection detected during pregnancy. Submicroscopic infection was associated with placental malaria even after controlling for microscopically detectable infection and was associated with decreased maternal haemoglobin at the time of detection. However, submicroscopic infection was not associated with adverse maternal or foetal outcomes at delivery. One-third of women with evidence of placental malaria did not have documented peripheral infection during pregnancy. SP was moderately effective in treating submicroscopic infections, but did not prevent the development of new submicroscopic infections in the month after administration.ConclusionsSubmicroscopic malaria infection is common and occurs early in pregnancy. SP-IPT can clear some submicroscopic infections but does not prevent new infections after administration. To effectively control pregnancy-associated malaria, new interventions are required to target women prior to their first antenatal care visit and to effectively treat and prevent all malaria infections.
Highlights
Malaria during pregnancy results in adverse outcomes for mothers and infants
Each year, 25 million pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa are at risk for malaria infection
While the associations between microscopically detectable malaria during pregnancy and maternal anaemia at delivery and low birth weight have been supported in most studies [1], the impact of submicroscopic infection during pregnancy on these adverse outcomes has not been systematically assessed
Summary
Malaria during pregnancy results in adverse outcomes for mothers and infants. Submicroscopic infection is common during pregnancy and at delivery, its impact throughout pregnancy on the development of placental malaria and adverse pregnancy outcomes has not been clearly established. Malaria during pregnancy is associated with maternal anaemia and infant low birth weight. Malaria during pregnancy is estimated to result in 100,000 infant deaths annually in Africa [1]. Malaria infections during pregnancy may be identified by microscopic examination of a blood smear or may be submicroscopic, detectable only by more sensitive molecular methods. While the associations between microscopically detectable malaria during pregnancy and maternal anaemia at delivery and low birth weight have been supported in most studies [1], the impact of submicroscopic infection during pregnancy on these adverse outcomes has not been systematically assessed
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