Submerged non-rectangular outlets

Abstract

Hydraulic structures like river and canal outlets and culverts somelimes work under submerged conditions. For designing safe but economical energy dissipators for these outlets slructures, il is necessary to have a good lmowledge of at least the mean flow characleristics below them. If the outlet jet is far removed l'rom the confining boundaries, it could be analysed as a l'l'ce turbulent jet [1, 5, 13] (1). If it occupies the full widlh of lhe downstream channel and issues tangential to its bed, then it eould be treated as a plane turbulent wall jet [4, O, 6, 11]. If the full-widlh jel has an abrupt drop al lhe entrance, the flowcould he analysed as a plane turbulent realtached wall jet [8J. If it is a part-width jet with no drop, it could he analysed as a reslricted l'orIn of three dimensional wall jet [7 J. The case of parl-wid th rectangular jets with drop has recenlly been studied by Raj aratnam and Muralidhar [10 J. This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the diffusion helow certain non-rectangular outlets under suhmerged flow conditions.