Submarine Basaltic Magmatism in the Subbetic Basin (Southern Spain): Insights into Melt-Weakening Processes during Mesozoic Continental Rifting

Abstract

Abstract Mantle-derived volcanic rocks from the Subbetic hyperextended basin in SE Spain provide new insights into the composition and mechanical behavior of the mantle during continental rifting. The present study describes a sequential restored cross-section along with geochemical characteristics of the basaltic rocks interbedded within the Mesozoic succession of the basin. Sedimentary stacking patterns of minibasins above the mobilized salt reflect the relationships with coeval basaltic volcanism. We recognize two type localities on the basis of volcanic facies, the presence of shallow intrusive bodies, and age of the associated sedimentary formations. The first type corresponds to subaqueous pillow-lava flows and subvolcanic sills and dikes associated with Lower Jurassic marly limestones and Middle Jurassic oolitic limestones. The Jurassic basalts present enriched MORB compositions with moderate La/Sm and low Sm/Yb ratios. Interestingly, a significant group of this Jurassic basaltic magmatism departs from the typical MORB-OIB array, showing deep Nb-Ta negative anomalies and high Th/Nb ratios. The second type comprises subaqueous lava flows, also including pillow-shaped basalts interlayered with hyaloclastite deposits and Upper Cretaceous clays, radiolarites, and marly limestones. The Cretaceous magmatism is characterized by highly enriched MORB compositions. Furthermore, the moderate Sm/Yb values and the positive correlation between LREE/HREE and Zr point to the involvement of deep (Grt-present) mantle sources in the origin of the Cretaceous basaltic melts. We interpret the Lower-Middle Jurassic calc-alkaline signal as due to the partial melting of recycled crustal rocks within the upper mantle, i.e., associated with remnants of pre-Mesozoic subducted slabs. These characteristics are similar to those described in Triassic basaltic rocks widespread throughout the External Zone of the Betic Cordillera. Mantle-derived basalts interlayered within the Lower Jurassic syn-rift deposits indicate that melting and deformation within the lithospheric mantle was initiated early during continental rifting. Accordingly, we suggest that Early to Middle Jurassic mantle melts promoted failure within the upper mantle, thus contributing to the inception of lithospheric-scale shear zones, which, in turn, controlled the evolution of this magma-poor hyperextended margin. Subsequently, rift evolution gave way to the activation of deeper melt sources in the mantle and an increase of the alkaline signature at the Cretaceous time.