Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate ketorolac (KT) systemic absolute bioavailability after sublingual (SL) administration in vivo to conscious rabbits. Furthermore, the study investigated the potential use of chitosan nanoparticles as a delivery system to enhance the systemic bioavailability of KT following SL administration.Methods: Ketorolac-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared through ionotropic gelation of chitosan with tripolyphosphate anions. The KT-nanoparticles were administered SL as a spray to rabbits and KT plasma concentration at predetermined time points was compared to SL spray administration of KT in solution. The concentrations of KT in plasma were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (UPLC/MS).Results: KT-loaded chitosan nanoparticles significantly (p < .05) enhanced systemic absorption with 97% absolute bioavailability as compared to 70% after SL administration of KT solution.Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that SL absorption of KT illustrated flip-flop kinetics with prolonged persistence in the body compared to intravenous administration. Formulation of KT as chitosan nanoparticles has increased its systemic bioavailability after SL spray administration. The new delivery system could be an attractive approach for the delivery of KT.
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