Abstract
Astaxanthin is a carotenoid extracted from several seaweeds with ascertained therapeutic activity. With specific reference, astaxanthin is widely used in clinical practice to improve ocular tissue health and skin protection from UV ray damages. Despite its well-documented pleiotropic actions and demonstrated clinical efficacy, its bioavailability in humans is low and limited because of its hydrophobicity and poor dissolution in enteric fluids. Furthermore, astaxanthin is very unstable molecule and very sensitive to light exposure and thermal stress. Taken together, these pharmacological and chemical–physical features strongly limit pharmaceutical and nutraceutical development of astaxanthin-based products and as a consequence its full clinical usage. This work describes the preliminary in vitro investigation of sublingual absorption of astaxanthin through a novel ascorbyl palmitate (ASP) based nanoemulsion.
Highlights
IntroductionAstaxanthin (C40H52O4;6S)-6-Hydroxy-3(C40H52O4;6S)-6-Hydroxy-3[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-18-[(4S)-4[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-18-[(4S)-4-hydroxyhydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-3-oxo-1-cyclohexenyl]-3,7,12,16-tetramethyloctadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,172,6,6-trimethyl-3-oxo-1-cyclohexenyl]-3,7,12,16-tetramethyloctadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl]-2, nonaenyl]-2,4,4-trimethyl-1-cyclohex-2-enone)1) is a xanthophyll lipid-solubleketo-carotenoid xanthophyll keto4,4-trimethyl-1-cyclohex-2-enone) (Figure 1) is(Figure a lipid-soluble with carotenoid with 596.841 molecular mass molecular mass g/mol [1].596.841 g/mol [1].Structure of of Astaxanthin
Given the potential interest of developing more effective forms of astaxanthin supplements, the aim of our study was to evaluate, likely for the first time, a novel liquid nanoemulsion to promote astaxanthin sublingual delivery by means of an in vitro model assessing its permeation through porcine lingual specimens
A HPLC-DAD device was purchased from Perkin-Elmer (Series 200, diode array, Waltham, MA, USA)
Summary
1) is a xanthophyll lipid-solubleketo-carotenoid xanthophyll keto4,4-trimethyl-1-cyclohex-2-enone) (Figure 1) is(Figure a lipid-soluble with carotenoid with 596.841 molecular mass molecular mass g/mol [1].596.841 g/mol [1]. It the responsible responsible of of the the red red color color of of some some crustaceous crustaceous and and fishes fishes [2]. The pharmacological activity of astaxanthin is the antioxidant one [3].
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