Sublethal effects of ammonia in soft water on Atlantic salmon smolts at a low temperature

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Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts were exposed to ammonia at 4 °C in an open flow system. The concentrations of un-ionized ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) were increased abruptly twice during a period of 28 days. For concentrations in the range 1–15 µgl−1 un-ionized ammonia nitrogen (4.3–21.1 mgl−1 TAN), no effects were observed on the smolts. However, plasma glucose was not measured in this range. The observed results for higher concentrations may be divided into two categories of sublethal effects. (1) In smolts exposed to the concentration range 19–37 µgl−1 NH3-N (average 26 µgl−1 NH3-N; 34.9–50.5 mgl−1 TAN), the mean plasma glucose concentration was 1.3 times the mean of the control group. No other measured parameters were significantly altered. (2) For smolts exposed to 37–65 µgl−1 NH3-N (average 47 µgl−1 NH3-N; 57.7–84.5 mgl−1 TAN), the mean plasma glucose concentration was increased to 2.3 times, the mean plasma chloride level was reduced to 0.9 times, and mean haematocrit was increased to 1.1 times the control values. Histological examination of the gill tissue revealed extensive lamellar hypertrophy. Weight, length, condition factor and ventilation frequency were not significantly affected and no mortality took place during the exposure period (1–65 µgl−1 NH3-N; 4.3–84.5 mgl−1 TAN). Plasma glucose seemed to be the most sensitive parameter in detecting the sublethal stress response, and this investigation may thus demonstrate the importance of measuring plasma glucose in experiments concerning safe levels for ammonia.