Subjective future as a mediating factor in the relation between pain, pain-related distress and depression

Abstract

The coincidence of chronic pain, psychological distress and depression has been well documented in several studies. However, there is still debate about the type of causality linking these factors and whether psychological distress and depression precede or are a consequence of pain. This study contributes to this debate through an analysis of the latent structure behind these complex concepts. To test the hypothesis that subjective future (i.e. how the pain patient perceives the future) has an impact on pain, data were analysed from 660 chronic pain patients who were tested with The Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI), The Symptom Distress Checklist (SCL-90) and a Future Scale, which was constructed from items of the Sense of coherence-scale. By use of path analysis and structural equation modeling (S.E.M.) four latent constructs were tested: Pain, Interference, Distress and Subjective future. The results indicated that Subjective future has a strong impact on Distress, is a mediating variable, which contributes to conceptually explaining and practically nullifying the relationship between Pain and Distress, and finally that Pain is a concept, that changes with increasing duration.