Subgingival Microbiota Profile in Association with Cigarette Smoking in Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Krešimir Bašić,Kristina Peroš,Ivana Šutej,Zrinka Bošnjak

doi:10.3390/dj9120150

Krešimir Bašić, Kristina Peroš + Show 2 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/dj9120150

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Abstract

While smoking is recognized as one of the factors for the development and progression of periodontal diseases, a relation between the composition of the subgingival microbiota and smoking is yet to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of subgingival bacteria in young smokers and non-smokers without clinical signs of periodontal disease. In this cross-sectional study, performed at the Department of Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, we enrolled 32 periodontally healthy smokers and 32 non-smokers, aged 25–35 years old. The number of oral bacteria and the prevalence of particular bacteria were assessed for each subject. Subgingival plaque samples were collected with sterile paper points from two first molars for microbiological analyses with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. In smokers, a significantly higher prevalence of Actinomyces odontolyticus was observed compared to non-smokers, and a significantly lower prevalence of Streptococcus sanguinis was observed compared to non-smokers. Smoking affects the composition of subgingival microbiota, either via depletion of beneficial bacteria or the increase in pathogenic bacteria.

Highlights

Smoking is recognized as one of the major factors for the development and early onset of periodontal disease [1,2]
There is a significant influence of smoking on the microbiological flora of the oral cavity in developed periodontal disease [1,9,10,12,13,14], whether it is an increased number of pathogenic bacteria, a greater prevalence of individual pathogens, or that microbial flora of smokers and non-smokers is different by species or groups of bacteria
There are studies that have not confirmed the association of smoking and subgingival microbial flora [12,16,17], the results of most studies confirm that smoking affects the subgingival microbial flora in an as yet unknown way [18]

Summary

Introduction

Smoking is recognized as one of the major factors for the development and early onset of periodontal disease [1,2]. Even though there are major studies that have investigated the impact of smoking on the subgingival microbial composition in patients with developed periodontal disease, there are only few such studies on periodontally healthy subjects, and the results of these studies are very different and often contradictory [8,12,15,16,17,18]. There are studies that have not confirmed the association of smoking and subgingival microbial flora [12,16,17], the results of most studies confirm that smoking affects the subgingival microbial flora in an as yet unknown way [18] The reasons for these contrasting results can be many, such as: the variety of methods of identification of bacteria, different target populations, different sampling techniques, or insufficient exclusion of various confounding factors. The aim of this study was to investigate whether smoking affects the prevalence of subgingival bacteria in young adults without clinical signs of periodontal disease

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