Abstract
The etiology of periodontitis has traditionally been associated to a consortium of three bacterial species—the so-called “red-complex” of periodontal disease—which has been the target for most diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. However, other species have also been found to correlate with disease severity. In addition, the influence of smoking on periodontal microbiota is poorly understood. In the current manuscript, the composition of the subgingival microbiota in healthy individuals vs. patients with chronic periodontitis has been investigated using 16S pyrosequencing and the influence of smoking on periodontal composition has been examined. Subgingival bacterial communities were sampled from 82 patients: 22 non-smoking healthy controls, 28 non-smoking periodontal patients, and 32 smoking periodontal patients. Bacterial diversity was higher in periodontal patients than in healthy subjects, which could be interpreted as the consequence of a nutritionally richer environment or a reduced immune competence. Periodontal patients showed a significantly higher prevalence/relative abundance of “established” periopathogens but also other taxa whose role is not well-established and that should be targets for future research. These include Anaeroglobus, Bulleidia, Desulfobulbus, Filifactor, Mogibacterium, Phocaeicola, Schwartzia or TM7. The microbial community of smoking-associated periodontitis is less diverse and distinct from that of non-smokers, indicating that smoking has an influence on periodontal ecology. Interestingly, the high sequencing coverage allowed the detection at low proportions of periodontal pathogens in all healthy individuals, indicating that chronic periodontitis cannot be strictly considered an infectious disease but the outcome of a polymicrobial dysbiosis, where changes in the proportions of microbial consortia trigger the inflammatory and tissue-degradation responses of the host.
Highlights
The periodontal diseases are among the most common conditions affecting humans (Dentino et al, 2013)
At the microbial sampling site level, there were differences in BOP, Probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) between the three study groups, these being significantly higher in the periodontal patients than in the NS-Control (Table 1)
SUBGINGIVAL MICROBIOTA IN HEALTH AND PERIODONTITIS: INFLUENCE OF SMOKING HABIT Bacterial diversity and community structure The rarefaction curves for NS-Perio and S-Perio groups stabilized at >1,500 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with 14,000 sequences, showing greater bacterial diversity than that observed for NS-Control (950 OTUs)
Summary
The periodontal diseases are among the most common conditions affecting humans (Dentino et al, 2013). In 2012, data from the 2009 and 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) on the adult U.S population showed that over 47% of adults had periodontitis, representing 64.7 million adults (Eke et al, 2012). Assuming this incidence of periodontitis worldwide, 400 million people in Europe are suffering from one or other of the various forms of periodontitis. Periodontal diseases are multifactorial diseases, whose initiation and progression require the participation of a number of factors, the involvement of subgingival bacteria (Socransky et al, 1998). Smoking is a well-established risk factor for periodontitis progression (Johannsen et al, 2014). There are conflicting reports, based on culture or targeted DNA-based assays, on whether or not smoking has an effect on the composition of the subgingival microbiota www.frontiersin.org
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