Abstract
ABSTRACT Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the subgingival microbiota of people with Alzheimer´s disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and cognitively healthy individuals. Materials and methods: The study population was recruited from 2013 to 2017 and comprised 132 cases recently diagnosed with AD (n = 46), MCI (n = 40) or SCD (n = 46), and 63 cognitively healthy controls. Subgingival samples were collected, and the microbiotas were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results: The relative abundance of the ten most common genera did not differ between the cases and control groups. However, the microbial richness and evenness were higher in cases than in controls and differed across the four groups. The variables with the greatest influence on the microbial community composition were related to periodontal disease followed by body mass index, study group affiliation and smoking. Ten taxa exhibited significant differences between case participants and controls. Two Operational Taxonomic Units were particularly abundant in AD compared to controls: Slackia exigua, which was also associated with deep periodontal pockets, and a Lachnospiraceae [G-7] bacterium. Conclusion: It is concluded that in individuals with cognitive impairment or AD, the subgingival microbiota exhibits shifts typical of periodontal disease.
Highlights
Alzheimers disease (AD) is the most prevalent of the dementia disorders and leads to multidomain cogni tive dysfunction [1,2]
The diagnostic case subgroups comprised participants diagnosed with AD (n = 46), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (n = 40) or subjective cognitive decline (SCD) (n = 46)
This study was undertaken in order to investigate the subgingival microbiota in persons with cognitive dys function (i.e. AD, MCI and/or SCD) in comparison with cognitively healthy controls
Summary
Alzheimers disease (AD) is the most prevalent of the dementia disorders and leads to multidomain cogni tive dysfunction [1,2]. The mechanisms underlying AD pathophysiology, leading to brain atrophy and impaired cognitive functions, are not fully understood [3]. Preventive healthcare may lead to a reduction in dementia inci dence [5]. The identification of modifiable risk factors and preventive factors relevant to dementia can have important public health implications. It has been proposed that per turbations or alterations of the intestinal microbiome play a role in AD development [7]. Changes in the gut microbial community may alter the permeability of the gut barrier and induce systemic inflammation through several different pathways [8]
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