Sub-Genotyping of Acanthamoeba T4 Complex: Experience from North India

Abstract

The Acanthamoeba genus comprises the free-living amoebae that are ubiquitously present as opportunistic pathogens. They cause serious human diseases—for instance, Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK), granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), cutaneous acanthamoebiasis and disseminated infections. The traditional method for classifying Acanthamoeba was based on the morphological examination of cysts. However, this method was less consistent as the morphology of cysts changes with the culture conditions. After the advent of molecular techniques, genotyping is considered an essential tool in accurately identifying Acanthamoeba at the species level and is further helpful in classification up to the sub-genotype level. The most recommended and currently used methods for Acanthamoeba genotyping are 18S and 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Based on these two genes, Acanthamoeba is classified into 23 genotypes. Out of these, it is the T4 genotype that is most commonly associated with clinical disease and isolation from environmental samples. The T4 genotype contains more than ten species within it. Differences in geographical distribution, virulence, pathogenesis and drug susceptibility profile have been observed among different genotypes. However, whether such differences exist within sub-genotypes/species under T4 is yet unknown. In the present study, 11 Acanthamoeba isolates, which were already characterized as the T4 genotype by the hypervariable region of diagnostic fragment 3 (DF3) of the 18S rDNA, were sub-genotyped using the 16S rDNA mitochondrial sequence. Nine of these were isolated from patients with AK and two from water samples. Phylogenetic analysis of these isolates attributed them to four sub-genotypes (T4a (n = 6), T4b (n = 1), T4Neff (n = 2) and T4d (n = 2)). The study highlights the potential use of 16S in the sub-genotyping of Acanthamoeba T4. The 16S rDNA sequences of two isolates, one from an Acanthamoebic keratitis (AK) patient and one environmental, were found to group with A. mauritaniensis (T4d). This group was believed to be a non-pathogenic environmental Acanthamoeba and the identification of the AK isolate may be confirmed by whole-genome sequencing.