Subduction initiation of the western Proto-Tethys Ocean: New evidence from the Cambrian intra-oceanic forearc ophiolitic mélange in the western Kunlun Orogen, NW Tibetan Plateau

Abstract

Abstract The supra-subduction zone ophiolite or ophiolitic mélange formed in the forearc setting is generally considered to be a key geological record for subduction initiation (SI) with petrological characteristics comparable to the SI-related rock sequence from forearc basalt (FAB) to boninite in the Izu-Bonin-Mariana subduction zone. Nevertheless, the standard FAB and boninite are generally difficult to observe in the forearc rocks generated during SI. Yet, a typical rock sequence indicating the SI of the western Proto-Tethys Ocean is reported for the first time in the Qimanyute intra-oceanic forearc system in the western Kunlun Orogen, Northwest Tibetan Plateau. The magmatic compositions, which range from less to more high field strength element (HFSE)-depleted and large ion lithophile element (LILE)-enriched, are changing from oceanic plagiogranites (ca. 494 Ma) to forearc basalt-like gabbros (FAB-Gs, ca. 487 Ma), boninites, and subsequent Nb-enriched gabbros (NEGs, ca. 485 Ma), which are thus consistent with the Izu-Bonin-Mariana forearc rocks as well as the Troodos and Semail supra-subduction zone-type ophiolites. The geochemical data from the chemostratigraphic succession indicate a subduction initiation process from a depleted mid-oceanic-ridge (MORB)-type mantle source with no detectable subduction input to gradual increasing involvement of subduction-derived materials (fluid/melts and sediments). The new petrological, geochemical, and geochronological data, combined with the regional geology, indicate that the well-sustained FAB-like intrusive magmas with associated boninites could provide crucial evidence for SI and further reveal that the SI of the western Proto-Tethys Ocean occurred in the Late Cambrian (494–485 Ma).