Abstract
Nitric oxide was discovered in 1987 as the molecule responsible for endothelium-dependent vasodilation in mammals. It is generated by three nitric oxide synthase isoforms, or by the chemical reduction of nitrite; nitrite is a stable endocrine source of nitric oxide. Nitric oxide has a very short half-life and is metabolized to nitrite. The physiological effects of nitric oxide are mediated by the soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) receptor, which generates the second messenger cGMP, and by protein modification via nitrosylation. Nitric oxide can regulate a vast array of physiological functions including muscle contractility, metabolism, platelet aggregation, neuronal behavior, and immune responses, and is used in the treatment and diagnosis of various disease states.
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