Abstract
Both ruminal microbial structure and functionality might play a role in inter-individual variation in susceptibility for subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) observed in dairy cows. The aims of this study were to determine whether differences between cows with distinct SARA susceptibility were reflected in distinct (1) ruminal microbial communities, (2) salivary bacterial communities, and (3) fermentative capacity of ruminal microbiota assessed in vitro. To test this hypothesis, rumen samples were collected via an esophageal tube on 21 d postpartum from 38 multiparous Holstein cows, which were classified into 4 groups differing in median and mean time of reticular pH below 6 as well as area under the curve of pH below 6.0. During the 21 d postpartum, all cows within a group fulfilled following criteria: susceptible (S, n = 10; mean or median ≥180 min/d), moderately susceptible (MS, n = 7; 60 min/d < mean time of pH below 6 < 180 min/d, and median time of pH below 6 <180 min/d), moderately unsusceptible (MU, n = 11; 10 min/d < mean < 60 min/d, and median time of pH below 6 ≤30 min/d), or unsusceptible (U, n = 10; median = 0 min/d, and mean <10 min/d). Groups did not differ in total daily dry matter intake nor in total, roughage, or concentrate intake during daily 6-h time intervals. Rumen bacterial α-diversity did not differ among groups, but β-diversity varied and bacterial 16S rRNA gene copy numbers were lower in S compared with U cows. The relative abundance of genera Streptococcus, Sharpea, Prevotellaceae_YAB2003, Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-001, Ruminococcus, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-001 were higher in S compared with U cows. In contrast, Lachnospiraceae_ND3007 and Oscillospiraceae_V9D2013 were more abundant in U cows. Although pH-associated, inter-animal differences were also observed in the salivary bacteria, common differences in ruminal and salivary bacterial genera were limited. The functionality of the rumen microbiota was evaluated in vitro through exposure of the microbial inoculum of S and U cows to an anaerobic buffer at pH 5.8 and 6.8, in the presence of sterile supernatant of their own and of dry cows' rumen fluid (2 × 2 design). Generally, the S inoculum produced more volatile fatty acids, except at low pH with dry cows' supernatant, where volatile fatty acid production was completely impaired and lactate accumulation was highest. Compared with the microbes of U cows, microbes of S cows showed less fermentative activity in situations with 2 stress factors (low pH and an unfamiliar environment, i.e., rumen fluid supernatant of dry cows).
Highlights
The transition around parturition in dairy cows is characterized by a decrease in DMI, which is manifested in a decreasing share of dietary roughage (Hayirli et al, 2003), as the greatly increased energy requirements of lactation demand more energy-dense diets with a greater proportion of concentrates (Grummer, 1995)
This could be related to interanimal variation in subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) susceptibility, resulting in part of the herd suffering from SARA when receiving the same diet and similar management
As SARA prevalence is roughly 20% (Plaizier et al, 2008), experiments under practical conditions during the transition period require a much larger number of animals than traditional SARA challenge experiments. Such experiments are highly relevant, as the effects of most experimentally induced SARA may be more severe than those of on-farm SARA (Khafipour et al, 2009b; Plaizier et al, 2018). It is questionable whether inter-animal variation observed under experimentally induced SARA challenges is representative of inter-animal differences encountered during the transition period under practical management conditions
Summary
The transition around parturition in dairy cows is characterized by a decrease in DMI, which is manifested in a decreasing share of dietary roughage (Hayirli et al, 2003), as the greatly increased energy requirements of lactation demand more energy-dense diets with a greater proportion of concentrates (Grummer, 1995). Despite several measures and guidelines to prevent SARA, incidence rates of 23.3% were reported during the first week in lactation in a recent study with 249 dairy cows (VallejoTimarán et al, 2020) This could be related to interanimal variation in SARA susceptibility, resulting in part of the herd suffering from SARA when receiving the same diet and similar management As SARA prevalence is roughly 20% (Plaizier et al, 2008), experiments under practical conditions during the transition period require a much larger number of animals than traditional SARA challenge experiments Such experiments are highly relevant, as the effects of most experimentally induced SARA may be more severe than those of on-farm SARA (Khafipour et al, 2009b; Plaizier et al, 2018). It is questionable whether inter-animal variation observed under experimentally induced SARA challenges is representative of inter-animal differences encountered during the transition period under practical management conditions (i.e., gradual build-up of increased amounts of grains accompanied with low physically effective NDF feeding)
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