Subacute Oral Administration of Clinacanthus nutans Ethanolic Leaf Extract Induced Liver and Kidney Toxicities in ICR Mice.

Abdullahi Aliyu,Hazilawati Hamzah,Khozirah Shaari,Nurul Syahirah Ahmad Sayuti,Mustapha Mohamed Noordin,Shanmugavelu Sithambaram,Mohd Farhan Hanif Reduan,Mohd Rosly Shaari

doi:10.3390/molecules25112631

Abstract

This study investigated the leaves of Clinacanthus nutans for its bioactive compounds and acute and subacute toxicity effects of C. nutans ethanolic leaf extract (CELE) on blood, liver and kidneys of ICR mice. A total of 10 8-week-old female mice were divided into groups A (control) and B (2000 mg/kg) for the acute toxicity study. A single dose of 2000 mg/kg was administered to group B through oral gavage and mice were monitored for 14 days. In the subacute toxicity study, mice were divided into five groups: A (control), B (125 mg/kg), C (250 mg/kg), D (500 mg/kg) and E (1000 mg/kg). The extract was administered daily for 28 days via oral gavage. The mice were sacrificed, and samples were collected for analyses. Myricetin, orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, isovitexin, isookanin, apigenin and ferulic acid were identified in the extract. Twenty-eight days of continuous oral administration revealed significant increases (p < 0.05) in creatinine, ALT and moderate hepatic and renal necrosis in groups D and E. The study concluded that the lethal dose (LD50) of CELE in mice is greater than 2000 mg/kg and that repeated oral administrations of CELE for 28 days induced hepatic and renal toxicities at 1000 mg/kg in female ICR mice.

Highlights

The use of plant-based products in both traditional and modern societies as herbal remedies or crude drugs, or as purified compounds have a long history [1]
The total ion chromatograms (TIC) of the compounds identified in the sample of Clinacanthus nutans
The results of the LC/MS/MS analyses of the C. nutans ethanolic leaf extract in this study demonstrated the presence of myricetin, orientin, iso-orientin, vitexin, iso-vitexin, isookanin, apigenin and ferulic acid as some of the important bioactive compounds of the plant

Summary

Introduction

The use of plant-based products in both traditional and modern societies as herbal remedies or crude drugs, or as purified compounds have a long history [1]. C. nutans, are gaining increasing attention in both traditional and modern societies [1]. Most of these plants are widely distributed and consumed globally, in developing countries, where. Molecules 2020, 25, 2631 larger proportion depend on plants and their products for their primary health care challenges [2] and chronic diseases. This is perhaps because of poverty, the increasing cost of modern medicines and little awareness of the plants’ side effects [3].

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion