Abstract
We report on the design and testing of glass nozzles used to produce liquid sheets. The sheet nozzles use a single converging channel chemically etched into glass wafers by standard lithographic methods. Operation in ambient air and vacuum was demonstrated. The measured sheet thickness ranges over one order of magnitude with the smallest thickness of 250 nm and the largest of 2.5 μm. Sheet thickness was shown to be independent of liquid flow rate, and dependent on the nozzle outlet area. Sheet surface roughness was dependent on nozzle surface finish and was on the order of 10 nm for polished nozzles. Electron transmission data is presented for various sheet thicknesses near the MeV mean free path and the charge pair distribution function for D2O is determined from electron scattering data.
Highlights
Liquid sheets are useful targets for liquid phase studies that utilize X-Ray spectroscopy, high-power optical lasers or electron scattering, either for liquid phase studies or as a medium to deliver suspended particles.[1,2,3,4,5] The ability to present free surface liquid targets in a rapidly replenishing form has immense potential for use in high repetition-rate experiments
Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA g.Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA † Footnotes relating to the title and/or authors should appear here
The liquid sheets studied were flat, smooth, and had a thickness that could be made sufficiently thin for use with low penetration probes such as MeV electrons or soft X-rays
Summary
Liquid sheets are useful targets for liquid phase studies that utilize X-Ray spectroscopy, high-power optical lasers or electron scattering, either for liquid phase studies or as a medium to deliver suspended particles.[1,2,3,4,5] The ability to present free surface liquid targets in a rapidly replenishing form has immense potential for use in high repetition-rate experiments. Soft X-ray transmission and MeV electron scattering require thickness in the range of 0.1μm to 1μm while thicker sheets in the range of 10μm are preferable for optimal signal generation when considering the higher transmission of hard X-ray probes. Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA g.Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA † Footnotes relating to the title and/or authors should appear here.
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