Abstract

The nature versus nurture debate has ended: genes and environments both influence behaviors and disorders in infancy and childhood. How genes and environments influence behavioral traits, and particularly their co-action such as the environments under which genetic influences may be modified, are the current focus. In this chapter, genetic transmission, single-gene traits, complex traits, and methods to address the contributions of multiple genes to behavioral traits are discussed. Approaches that disentangle genetic and environmental influences are highlighted, emphasizing the research methods and findings for a variety of psychologically relevant traits. Research considering the correlation or interaction between genes and environments will clarify the complex etiologies of intellectual abilities and disabilities, temperament, and behavioral syndromes and disorders in childhood.

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