Abstract
ObjectiveTo determine the impact of pre-vaccination nutritional status on vaccine responses in Venezuelan Warao Amerindian children vaccinated with the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and to investigate whether saliva can be used as read-out for these vaccine responses. MethodsA cross-sectional cohort of 504 Venezuelan Warao children aged 6 weeks – 59 months residing in nine geographically isolated Warao communities were vaccinated with a primary series of PCV13 according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-recommended age-related schedules. Post-vaccination antibody concentrations in serum and saliva of 411 children were measured by multiplex immunoassay. The influence of malnutrition present upon vaccination on post-vaccination antibody levels was assessed by univariate and multivariable generalized estimating equations linear regression analysis. ResultsIn both stunted (38%) and non-stunted (62%) children, salivary antibody concentrations correlated well with serum levels for all serotypes with coefficients varying from 0.61 for serotype 3–0.80 for serotypes 5, 6A and 23F (all p<0.01).Surprisingly, higher serum and salivary antibody levels were observed with increasing levels of stunting in children for all serotypes. This was statistically significant for 5/13 and 11/13 serotype-specific serum and saliva IgG concentrations respectively. ConclusionStunted Amerindian children showed generally higher antibody concentrations than well-nourished children following PCV13 vaccination, indicating that chronic malnutrition influences vaccine response.Saliva samples might be useful to monitor serotype-specific antibody levels induced by PCV vaccination. This would greatly facilitate studies of vaccine efficacy in rural settings, since participant resistance generally hampers blood drawing.The study was registered in a primary registry of the World Health Organization with identifier number RPCEC00000158.
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