Studying the Effects of Plug-In Electric Vehicles on the Real Power Markets Demand Considering the Technical and Social Aspects

Abstract

In this chapter, the impacts of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) on the demand profile of some of the real power markets are modelled and studied considering the technical and social aspects of problem. The power markets under study include Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT), New York Independent System Operator (NYISO), Pennsylvania-Jersey-Maryland (PJM), and Independent System Operator New England (ISO-NE). Herein, the objective function of each independent system operator (ISO) is to maximize the load factor of market demand by optimal fleet management (FM) of PEVs considering low, moderate, and high PEV penetration levels. In this study, the drivers are categorized in three different social classes based on their income level including low-income (LI), moderate-income (MI), and high-income (HI) social classes. The behavior of each social class of drivers is modelled based on the reaction of drivers with respect to the value of incentive suggested by the ISO to them to transfer their charging demand from the peak period to the off-peak one. The sensitivity analysis is performed for the load factor of market with respect to the value of incentive and social class of drivers. In addition, the value of error in the optimal value of incentive and maximum value of load factor, due to the unrealistic modelling of drivers’ social class, are investigated in each power market.