Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of the polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor gene (FokI: rs2228570, BsmI: rs1544410, ApaI: rs7975232, and TaqI: rs731236) on the clinical parameters of patients with urinary tract infections.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comparative, prospective, and cross-sectional study was conducted at the Hospital General de Culiacán Dr. Bernardo J. Gastélum within the time frame of August 2016 to July 2017. The polymorphisms were detected through the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length method in 119 patients diagnosed with urinary tract infection and in 206 individuals with no urinary tract infection. The data analysis was carried out using the c2 and odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The logistic regression method, adjusted by age and sex, was employed to evaluate the relation between clinical characteristics and genotypes, utilizing the STATA version 13.0 program. Statistical significance was set at a p<0.05.RESULTS: We found differences in the prevalence of the CA-ApaI genotype between the study groups. The FokI and BsmI polymorphisms and the TGAT and CGCT haplotypes were associated with certain clinical characteristics.CONCLUSIONS: A possible link between the vitamin D receptor gene and bacterial urinary tract infection in a Mexican population was suggested.KEYWORDS: Vitamin D receptor; Urinary tract infection; Polymorphisms; Haplotypes.
Highlights
Urinary tract infections are caused by the presence of uropathogens in the genitourinary system and are a severe public health problem.[1]
The FokI and BsmI polymorphisms and the TGAT and CGCT haplotypes were associated with certain clinical characteristics
Vitamin D has a pleiotropic effect, acting as an immunomodulator of the innate immune response in the urothelium. It acts through its nuclear receptor, the vitamin D receptor (VDR), encoded by the VDR gene located at 12q13.11, whose single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been previously associated with several infectious diseases, such as urinary tract infection,[8] tuberculosis[9], leprosy,[10] and pertussis[11] in different populations
Summary
Urinary tract infections are caused by the presence of uropathogens in the genitourinary system and are a severe public health problem.[1]. Human genetic factors have been proposed to modulate the immune response.[3] Vitamin supplements, such as vitamin D, have been reported to prevent urinary tract infections,[4] whereas insufficient levels have been associated with risk[5] and recurrence of urinary tract infections[6] and a low expression of antimicrobial peptides in urine.[7]. Vitamin D has a pleiotropic effect, acting as an immunomodulator of the innate immune response in the urothelium. It acts through its nuclear receptor, the vitamin D receptor (VDR), encoded by the VDR gene located at 12q13.11, whose single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been previously associated with several infectious diseases, such as urinary tract infection,[8] tuberculosis[9], leprosy,[10] and pertussis[11] in different populations
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