Abstract
The Yellow River Jingtai Stone Forest (YJSF) is situated in the northwestern margin of the Chinese Loess Plateau, and it is not only one of the most precious and rare types of natural landforms in the Loess Plateau but also a protected area of valuable geological relics and landscapes in northwest China. Massive rock structural planes are present in the stone forest. However, few studies have been conducted on the rock mass structural planes for the slope’s stability. Based on the detailed field investigation, structural planes and their combination types are classified based on the rock mass. On this basis, combined with physical, mechanical, and hydraulic tests, the disaster-induced mechanism of the rock mass structural planes is classified and discussed. Results show that the structural planes of the YJSF can be divided into three types, namely, the primary structural plane, tectonic structural plane, and secondary plane. They not only combine with each other to cut the rock mass into different shape blocks but also jointly control the stability of the rock mass slope. The physical and mechanical tests and water sensitivity characteristics show that the conglomerates and muddy sandstones which are the main components of the YJSF have strong tensile and shear strengths under natural situations, while their strengths are reduced under immersion infiltration; in particular, the muddy sandstones are more sensitive to water and have a lower strength than that of the conglomerates. Finally, the disaster-induced mechanism of the YJSF is mainly related to the combination of various structural planes, which can be divided into four failure patterns, namely, creeping slide-tension failure, gradual failure, slipping failure, and dumping failure; coupling action of endogenic and exogenic geodynamic processes was responsible for their formation. The studied results will provide critical, theoretical, and technical support for the slope stability analysis, scenic geological heritage protection, and disaster warning in this area.
Highlights
Chinese Loess Plateau is located in an arid–semiarid region, which is the largest loess accumulation region in the world (An, 2000; Nie et al, 2015; Peng et al, 2019)
Based on the detailed field investigation we conducted, this article classifies structural planes and their combination types contained in rock masses of the Yellow River Jingtai Stone Forest (YJSF), northwestern Loess Plateau, China, in detail
Massive structural planes are developed in rock slopes of the YJSF area, northwestern Loess Plateau, China
Summary
Chinese Loess Plateau is located in an arid–semiarid region, which is the largest loess accumulation region in the world (An, 2000; Nie et al, 2015; Peng et al, 2019). Fan (2006) and Zhang (2010) concluded that the formation of the stone forest was related to lithologies, tectonic movements, geomorphology, and weak layers in the rock masses; based on the flowing water, joints, and seasonal winds in this area, Zhang (2014) and Xu and Fan (2008) divided the YJSF landscapes into three major geological relics, consisting of geological structures, geomorphic, and geo-hazard types. These achievements have played an important role in further research of the stone forest. The studied results will provide the critical, theoretical, and technical support for the slope stability analysis, scenic geological heritage protection, and disaster warning in this area
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