Study on the stereoselective excretion of tetrahydropalmatine enantiomers in rats and identification of in vivo metabolites by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract

The objective of this work was to study the stereoselectivity in excretion of tetrahydropalmatine (THP) enantiomers by rats and identify the metabolites of racemic THP (rac-THP) in rat urine. Urine and bile samples were collected at various time intervals after a single oral dose of rac-THP. The concentrations of THP enantiomers in rat urine and bile were determined using a modification of an achiral-chiral high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method that had been previously published. The cumulative urinary excretion over 96 h of (-)-THP and (+)-THP was found to be 55.49 +/- 36.9 microg and 18.33 +/- 9.7 microg, respectively. The cumulative biliary excretion over 24 h of (-)-THP and (+)-THP was 19.19 +/- 14.6 microg and 12.53 +/- 10.4 microg, respectively. The enantiomeric (-/+) concentration ratios of THP changed from 2.80 to 5.15 in urine, and from 1.36 to 1.80 in bile. The mean cumulative amount of (-)-THP was significantly higher than that of (+)-THP both in urine and bile samples. However, the enantiomeric (-/+) concentration ratios in rat urine and bile were significantly lower than those ratios in rat plasma. These findings suggested the excretion of THP enantiomers was stereoselective rather than a reflection of chiral pharmacokinetic aspects in plasma and (-)-THP was preferentially excreted in rat urine and bile. Three O-demethylation metabolites and the parent drug rac-THP were detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in rat urine. One metabolite was obtained by preparative HPLC and identified as 10-O-demethyl-THP.