Abstract
Serious environmental pollution issues caused by the storage and exposure of large amounts of red mud (RM) and yellow phosphorus slag (YPS) have raised significant concerns. Red mud-yellow phosphorous slag-cement concrete (RM-YPS-CC) is prepared with 25% yellow phosphorus slag content (YPSC) and 10% red mud content (RMC) to replace a portion of the cement at the age of 28 days and was found in this study to satisfy the mechanical property requirements. More ettringite and portlandite were generated with the RM-YPS-CC than with the yellow phosphorous slag-cement concrete (YPS-CC). In addition, the cementitious materials were more interlaced, and there was more disorder in the crystals of the RM-YPS-CC, which formed a more complex spatial structure than the YPS-CC did. Without RM, the initial cracking strength on the surface of the concrete was 5–6 MPa, the maximum crack width was 3.96 mm, and the crack number was 8. However, the cracking strength was 26.5–27 MPa with RMC5, the maximum crack width was 0.66 mm with RMC15, and the crack number was 3 with RMC15. Moreover, studies using the digital image correlation (DIC) method indicated that the displacement distribution and evolution of the first crack area changed quickly at 10 MPa in either horizontal or vertical direction, and a similar trend was maintained from 10 MPa to 27.1 MPa for the YPS-CC. However, with a small distribution and evolution of horizontal or vertical displacement from 5 MPa to 25 MPa, the evolution would change rapidly when reaching 30 MPa for RM-YPS-CC. This study aims to provide new insights into the wide application of YPS and RM for saving energy and reducing emissions and to develop a new method to study the fracture behavior of concrete.
Highlights
Stockpiling and discharging of large amounts of industrial solid waste affects the environment and restricts the development of enterprises
Studies using the digital image correlation (DIC) method indicated that the displacement distribution and evolution of the first crack area changed quickly at 10 MPa in either horizontal or vertical direction, and a similar trend was maintained from 10 MPa to 27.1 MPa for the Yellow phosphorus slag (YPS)-CC
E cement was 42.5 R common Portland cement produced by a cement plant in Guizhou, China, and the physical properties of the cement are shown in Table 1. e chemical composition of the cement, YPS, and Red mud (RM) was analyzed by X-ray fluorescence (Axios mA × 4 KW, Panalytical, Netherlands), and the results are shown in Table 2. e water reducer (WR) was JC484-2006
Summary
Stockpiling and discharging of large amounts of industrial solid waste affects the environment and restricts the development of enterprises. Cement is expected to be replaced by solid industrial wastes with pozzolanic properties considering global sustainable development, depletion of the raw materials, and low carbon emissions [13, 15]. Inspired by the abovementioned studies, this paper discussed how YPS and RM can be applied to partially replace cement to prepare red mud-yellow phosphorus slag-cement concrete (RM-YPS-CC) by stimulating the activity of concrete to achieve solid waste utilization and pollution reduction. E displacement distribution and evolution of the first crack area of yellow phosphorous slag-cement concrete (YPS-CC) and RM-YPSCC under different applied load levels were studied by the digital image correlation (DIC) method [42], which has become popular for displacement and deformation measurements in the field of experiment mechanics Inspired by the abovementioned studies, this paper discussed how YPS and RM can be applied to partially replace cement to prepare red mud-yellow phosphorus slag-cement concrete (RM-YPS-CC) by stimulating the activity of concrete to achieve solid waste utilization and pollution reduction. e effects of yellow phosphorus slag content (YPSC) and red mud content (RMC) on the mechanical properties of concretes were investigated by using a hydraulic pressure compression testing machine followed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). e shape, size, and number of cracks on the surface of concrete and initial cracking strength were investigated under an applied load. e displacement distribution and evolution of the first crack area of yellow phosphorous slag-cement concrete (YPS-CC) and RM-YPSCC under different applied load levels were studied by the digital image correlation (DIC) method [42], which has become popular for displacement and deformation measurements in the field of experiment mechanics
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