Abstract
Lithium batteries are successfully employed in consumer electronics and gradually accepted as the power sources of electrical vehicles, however, safety issues caused by lithium plating on anodes still exist and limit their application in the low-temperature environments such as winter days or aerospace. After low-temperature cycling tests, serious lithium plating and capacity decay were observed on soft-packed Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2/graphite (NCM/C) batteries. Even so, 15~20% of the capacity loss is reversible at room-temperature indicating that the deposited lithium on anode could transform into cyclable lithium again. The lithium plating and dissolution were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), inductive coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP), Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical tests. Post recovery operations, such as rest or cycling at different temperatures and rates, were tried and the corresponding reversible degree of lithium is presented in detail. Promising recovery methods were prompted to increase the degree of reversible lithium, capacity retrieval, and operation safety.
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