Abstract
In this study, the antibiotic residue was used as a raw material to catalyze hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) in an ethanol–water system to prepare bio-oil. The study explored the effects of ethanol–water ratio and three kinds of molecular sieve catalysts (HZSM-5, MCM-41, and γ-Al2O3) on the yield and characterization of bio-oil. The experimental results showed that the highest bio-oil yield was obtained at the ethanol–water ratio of 1 : 1 and the three kinds of molecular sieve catalysts of 15%. GC-MS, 1H NMR, TGA, and CHNS were used for the characterization of bio-oil. Higher carbon (up to 71.44%), hydrogen (up to 9.376%), and a high heating value (HHV, 34.714 MJ kg−1) were observed for catalytically liquefied bio-oil compared to non-catalytically liquefied bio-oil. The analysis of aqueous phase products indicated the existence of valuable nutrients. Besides, the reusability of three kinds of molecular sieve catalysts indicated that catalysts could be successfully reused several times and continuously exhibited the catalyst effect.
Highlights
Under the background that many countries around the world are advocating carbon neutrality, more and more scholars focus their research on biomass energy
Savage used g-Al2O3 molecular sieve catalyst to catalyze hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of microalgae, and the results showed that the yield of biooil could be increased from 17 wt% to 30 wt%
The chemical composition of the antibiotic residue is shown in Table S1.† Molecular sieve catalyst (HZSM-5/g-Al2O3/MCM-41) were purchased from Tianjin Yuanli Chemical Co., Ltd
Summary
Under the background that many countries around the world are advocating carbon neutrality, more and more scholars focus their research on biomass energy. Reducing the use of fossil energy and increasing the preparation of biomass energy is one of the most favorable means to reduce carbon emissions and achieve carbon neutrality as soon as possible.[1]. Biological waste is one of the sources of biomass energy. Using biological waste as the raw material for the preparation of biomass energy can dispose of biological waste harmlessly and produce clean energy.[2] The antibiotic residue is a by-product of the process of antibiotic preparation. For every ton of antibiotics produced, there will be 10 tons of antibiotic residue discharged into the environment, so the output is very huge.
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
