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Abstract
The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens is one of the most serious pests of rice, and there is so far no effective way to manage this pest. However, RNA interference not only can be used to study gene function, but also provide potential opportunities for novel pest management. The development of wing plays a key role in insect physiological activities and mainly involves chitin. Hence, the regulating role of trehalase (TRE) genes on wing bud formation has been studied by RNAi. In this paper, the activity levels of TRE and the contents of the two sugars trehalose and glucose were negatively correlated indicating the potential role of TRE in the molting process. In addition, NlTRE1-1 and NlTRE2 were expressed at higher levels in wing bud tissue than in other tissues, and abnormal molting and wing deformity or curling were noted 48 h after the insect was injected with any double-stranded TRE (dsTRE), even though different TREs have compensatory functions. The expression levels of NlCHS1b, NlCht1, NlCht2, NlCht6, NlCht7, NlCht8, NlCht10, NlIDGF, and NlENGase decreased significantly 48 h after the insect was injected with a mixture of three kinds of dsTREs. Similarly, the TRE inhibitor validamycin can inhibit NlCHS1 and NlCht gene expression. However, the wing deformity was the result of the NlIDGF, NlENGase, NlAP, and NlTSH genes being inhibited when a single dsTRE was injected. These results demonstrate that silencing of TRE gene expression can lead to wing deformities due to the down-regulation of the AP and TSH genes involved in wing development and that the TRE inhibitor validamycin can co-regulate chitin metabolism and the expression of wing development-related genes in wing bud tissue. The results provide a new approach for the prevention and management of N. lugens.
Highlights
Trehalose is widely distributed in insect tissues and is the extracellular source of sugar for many insect species (Becker et al, 1996)
We found that N. lugens could not complete the molting process and observed an abnormal phenotype when the expression of the three TRE genes was knocked down by RNA interference (RNAi) (Zhao et al, 2016) or when TRE activities were inhibited by the TRE inhibitor validamycin (Tang et al, 2017)
The expression levels of these genes, including CI, VVL, EN, VG, and SC, increased significantly (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) when dsTRE1-2 or double-stranded TRE (dsTRE) were injected into N. lugens nymph (Figure 6), and WG and DLL increased extreme significantly (P < 0.01) after dsTRE1-2 was injected (Figures 6B,C)
Summary
Trehalose is widely distributed in insect tissues (including the epidermis and gut) and is the extracellular source of sugar for many insect species (Becker et al, 1996). Most insect species, including Spodoptera exigua (Tang et al, 2008; Chen et al, 2010a), Apis mellifera (Lee et al, 2007), Bombyx mori (Mitsumasu et al, 2005; Kamei et al, 2011), Laodelphax striatellus (Zhang et al, 2012), Omphisa fuscidentalis (Tatun et al, 2008a,b), and Bemisia tabaci (Wang et al, 2014) have one soluble TRE gene as well as one membranebound TRE gene (Bansal et al, 2013). Some insect have more than one soluble TRE; two Treh were found in Leptinotarsa decemlineata All of the different TREs can regulate and maintain trehalose balance during insect development and physiological processes
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