Study on the compatibility between iodine and common aerospace materials

Abstract

Iodine has proven to be a promising alternative to xenon as a propellant for Hall and ion thrusters. High atomic mass and favourable ionization characteristics, comparable to xenon in terms of propulsive performance, together with lower cost compared to xenon makes it an attractive option. However, its reactivity and corrosive nature raise concerns. Tests to assess material compatibility and determine whether thruster components are susceptible to corrosion are unavoidable for its safe adoption as a propellant. This paper describes the main results of an experimental campaign aimed at a qualitative assessment of the compatibility with iodine of different materials. The study included more than fifteen materials that find application in electric propulsion devices, such as cathodes, thrusters and feeding systems, including ceramics such as LaB6, polymers, iron and aluminum alloys, and graphite. The specimens were exposed to iodine vapor environments at temperatures reaching approximately 200 °C for extended periods (from three to over 30 h) or were directly exposed to liquid iodine. The experimental setup and results of morphological and elementary analyses are presented and discussed. The research provides some insights into the viability of using iodine as a propellant and the potential challenges associated with its corrosive properties.