Abstract
This paper builds a complex network of weighted and directed coal trade based on the international coal trade data in the United Nations trade database from 1999 to 2018, specifically analyzes the trade scale, trade relations, and trade distribution and other characteristics of international coal trade, and determines the main trade core countries and trade hub countries. The results show that the scale of international coal trade has grown steadily, but the transformation of trade relations is complicated. Especially in the context of increasing trade frictions, trade links between countries have decreased significantly, trade balance has declined, and trade agglomeration has increased. Australia, the United States, Japan and other countries are big coal trading countries, while the United States, South Africa, India and other countries are important trading hubs. Based on the theory of competitive advantage, this paper proposes corresponding countermeasures for different countries to enhance their competitive advantages.
Highlights
Taking coal trade as an example, this paper studies the evolution characteristics of international coal trade from the aspects of trade scale, trade flow and major trade participating countries, and provides important prior knowledge for relevant trade participating countries to gain competitive advantages and formulate trade policies
The international coal trade complex networks can be built as G = (V, E,W ), whe= re V {v1,v2,...,vN } represents the set of countrie= s, E {e1,e2,...,eS} represents the set of coal trade links between all countrie= s, W {w1,w,...,wT } represents the set of trade volume, and N represents the number of these countries
Through the analysis of the various evolutionary characteristics of the international coal trade, we can understand the degree of aggregation and equilibrium of trade
Summary
International trade conflicts have become increasingly fierce. Taking coal trade as an example, this paper studies the evolution characteristics of international coal trade from the aspects of trade scale, trade flow and major trade participating countries, and provides important prior knowledge for relevant trade participating countries to gain competitive advantages and formulate trade policies.
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