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Abstract
Citrate-based polymers possess unique advantages for various biomedical applications since citric acid is a natural metabolism product, which is biocompatible and antimicrobial. In polymer synthesis, citric acid also provides multiple functional groups to control the crosslinking of polymers and active binding sites for further conjugation of biomolecules. Our group recently developed a number of citrate-based polymers for various biomedical applications by taking advantage of their controllable chemical, mechanical, and biological characteristics. In this study, various citric acid derived biodegradable polymers were synthesized and investigated for their physicochemical and antimicrobial properties. Results indicate that citric acid derived polymers reduced bacterial proliferation to different degrees based on their chemical composition. Among the studied polymers, poly(octamethylene citrate) showed ~70–80% suppression to microbe proliferation, owing to its relatively higher ratio of citric acid contents. Crosslinked urethane-doped polyester elastomers and biodegradable photoluminescent polymers also exhibited significant bacteria reduction of ~20 and ~50% for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. Thus, the intrinsic antibacterial properties in citrate-based polymers enable them to inhibit bacteria growth without incorporation of antibiotics, silver nanoparticles, and other traditional bacteria-killing agents suggesting that the citrate-based polymers are unique beneficial materials for wound dressing, tissue engineering, and other potential medical applications where antimicrobial property is desired.
Highlights
Biodegradable polymeric materials play a major role in medical and pharmaceutical domains because various biomedical devices/prostheses made with these materials have contributed enormously in human health such as tissue engineering scaffolds (Flanagan and Pandit, 2003), drug delivery systems, and wound dressings (Claudia Valenta, 2003)
Biomaterials used in Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved wound dressings and other implants include naturally derived materials and synthetic polymers [e.g., polylactic acid (PLA), and poly(lactic-coglycolic acid) (PLGA)]
Results showed commercially available poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) based Hydrofera Blue had about 930 ± 52 wt% water uptake, which was significantly higher than citric acid (CA) polymers after 48 h incubation in DI water
Summary
Biodegradable polymeric materials play a major role in medical and pharmaceutical domains because various biomedical devices/prostheses made with these materials have contributed enormously in human health such as tissue engineering scaffolds (Flanagan and Pandit, 2003), drug delivery systems, and wound dressings (Claudia Valenta, 2003). Biomaterials used in Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved wound dressings and other implants include naturally derived materials (e.g., collagen and alginate) and synthetic polymers [e.g., polylactic acid (PLA), and poly(lactic-coglycolic acid) (PLGA)]. These commonly used biomaterials do not possess intrinsic antibacterial properties. The main challenge is the rapid loss of antibiotics and the compromise of device or material functionalities including mechanical properties, degradation rate, and biocompatibility (Bach et al, 1994; O’Meara et al, 2000)
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