Abstract
In this study, nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was grafted with lauric acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid and used as stabilizer to prepare styrene butyl acrylate emulsion. The properties of the emulsion were determined, and the mechanism of modified NCC (MNCC) stabilized emulsion was analyzed. Results showed that long-chain fatty acids were grafted to NCC through esterification initiated at a low temperature. When the dosage of L-MNCC, P-MNCC, and S-MNCC was 0.05%, the styrene-acrylic emulsion had 92.5%, 94.2%, and 96.3% conversion rates, respectively, and exhibited good dilution, pH, Ca2+, and centrifugal stability. The particle size of styrene-acrylic emulsion was approximately 460 nm, and the absolute value of the Zeta potential increased with the MNCC concentration. According to the images of optical microscopy and the transmission electron microscope, the MNCC was adsorbed onto the surface of styrene-acrylic emulsion droplets. The synergistic effect from the electrostatic repulsion of MNCC, the hydrophile lipophilicity of MNCC, and the spatial hindrance of the MNCC adsorption layer provided good stability for the styrene-acrylic emulsion. Therefore, MNCC could replace traditional surfactants in stabilizing emulsion.
Highlights
IntroductionAdding surfactants could effectively reduce the surface tension and promote the long-term stability of the emulsion [2,3]
Emulsion with a large oil/water interface is a thermodynamically unstable system [1].Adding surfactants could effectively reduce the surface tension and promote the long-term stability of the emulsion [2,3]
1131 cm−1 in the infrared spectrum of modified NCC (MNCC), which indicates that long-chain fatty acids5 of 16 and had been grafted on the Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC)
Summary
Adding surfactants could effectively reduce the surface tension and promote the long-term stability of the emulsion [2,3]. Stabilized emulsions could be achieved using highly dispersible solid powders, such as carbon black, silica, clay, and calcium carbonate [4]. In the past 10 years, the increasingly widespread application of emulsion in food and biomedicine has required stable particles with better biocompatibility, biodegradability, and sustainability [5]. Research on emulsion stability focuses on transforming traditional surfactants to biogenic derivatives, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, chitin, starch, protein, and their derivatives [6,7]. Winuprasith [11] et al reported that the microcrystalline cellulose (MFC) extracted from mangosteen peel stabilized the emulsion without the Polymers 2019, 11, 1131; doi:10.3390/polym11071131 www.mdpi.com/journal/polymers
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