Abstract
In recent years, battery-swapping heavy-duty trucks have seen rapid growth in China. Summarizing from the practical experiences gained in this development, and starting from market research and analysis of the most typical city of application case, Beijing, we aim to achieve the following: (ⅰ) Establish an operating cost model for battery-swapping heavy-duty trucks throughout a full operation cycle from the perspective of a heavy-duty truck freight transport capacity operator, based on four key cost dimensions, including transportation equipment, operation and maintenance, environmental protection compensation, and battery recycling compensation. (ⅱ) Calculate and compare the operating cost economy of battery-swapping heavy-duty trucks and other types of heavy-duty truck under different energy supplement modes, including charging, hydrogenation, and diesel. (ⅲ) Propose suggestions for faster and more successful heavy-duty truck electrification. The results indicate that battery-swapping heavy-duty trucks have good cost economy in a full operation cycle under specific scenario, and their economy will be improved with the popularization of battery-swapping stations.
Highlights
The terms “BS-HDT”, “C-HDT”, “FC-HDT”, and “D-HDT” in this paper refer to a heavy-duty truck (HDT) that adopts the following four different energy supplement modes in sequence, namely, battery-swapping, power charging, hydrogenation, and diesel refueling
The three types of new energy vehicle of HDT, including BS-HDT, C-HDT, and FC-HDT, are all regarded as support objects to gradually replace the D-HDT for China’s HDT electrification
In terms of battery recycling compensation cost, C-HDT’s is higher than BS-HDT’s, which indicates that the batteries operated in battery-swapping mode have a higher recycling value
Summary
The terms “BS-HDT”, “C-HDT”, “FC-HDT”, and “D-HDT” in this paper refer to a heavy-duty truck (HDT) that adopts the following four different energy supplement modes in sequence, namely, battery-swapping, power charging, hydrogenation, and diesel refueling. The three types of new energy vehicle of HDT, including BS-HDT, C-HDT, and FC-HDT, are all regarded as support objects to gradually replace the D-HDT for China’s HDT electrification. Taking 2020 as an example, 98.7% of total sales of 2619 new energy HDTs in China were electric HDTs. Compared with the power-charging mode, the battery-swapping mode has been adopted gradually for electric HDT operation because of its outstanding advantages in reducing operating costs and improving operating efficiency, which are discovered by enterprises through their practice and exploration [2]. The operating economy of BS-HDT has been constantly verified by typical specific scenarios in Beijing and other cities’ practice
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