Abstract
In virtual reality, users’ input and output interactions are carried out in a three-dimensional space, and bare-hand click interaction is one of the most common interaction methods. Apart from the limitations of the device, the movements of bare-hand click interaction in virtual reality involve head, eye, and hand movements. Consequently, clicking performance varies among locations in the binocular field of view. In this study, we explored the optimal interaction area of hand–eye coordination within the binocular field of view in a 3D virtual environment (VE), and implemented a bare-hand click experiment in a VE combining click performance data, namely, click accuracy and click duration, following a gradient descent method. The experimental results show that click performance is significantly influenced by the area where the target is located. The performance data and subjective preferences for clicks show a high degree of consistency. Combining reaction time and click accuracy, the optimal operating area for bare-hand clicking in virtual reality is from 20° to the left to 30° to the right horizontally and from 15° in the upward direction to 20° in the downward direction vertically. The results of this study have implications for guidelines and applications for bare-hand click interaction interface designs in the proximal space of virtual reality.
Highlights
IntroductionAcademic Editors: Chang-Hun Kim and Soo Kyun Kim. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
Participants were first required to adjust the head strap and its interpupillary distance to the most comfortable setting and become familiar with the virtual environment (VE). They were required to participate in operation training and keep practicing until they were completely proficient in the operation of freehand interaction.The task of the experiment was to click target objects directly with a bare hand in the VE
Movement time refers the time from the appearance of the targets to the disappearance of the blue target after being clicked, which includes the time of the discovery of Results and the completion of a click action
Summary
Academic Editors: Chang-Hun Kim and Soo Kyun Kim. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The virtual environment (VE) is a new HCI interface. Applying virtual reality technology to create 3D scene images, users can interact with VE through input/output devices [1]. Virtual reality technology has been introduced into an increasing number of fields, such as medical surgery [2], operation training [3], and flight simulation [4]
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