Study on Gastrointestinal Parasitism of Wild Animals in Captivity at the Zoological Garden of Haramaya University, Ethiopia

Dakalo Dashe,Amare Berhanu

doi:10.4236/ojvm.2020.109015

Abstract

Captivity of wild animals and restriction of their movement can lead to stress, resulting in suppressed immune response and reduced disease resistance ability. Wild animals in zoological gardens can predominately affected by various gastro-intestinal parasites. This study was therefore, conducted to determine occurrence, identify types and assess seasonal variation of gastrointestinal parasites in captive animals at the Zoological garden of Haramaya University. The study involved a retrospective investigation of zoo records and fecal examinations. Twenty two fecal samples were collected in December, 2013 from all the animals in the garden and examined using concentration and fecal culture techniques. Sampling was repeated after four months in April, 2014 to assess seasonal variations of the parasites. The result from the retrospective study showed death of 21 animals in the last five years. Fecal examination confirmed presence of gastrointestinal parasites with an overall mean prevalence rate of 73.8%. A total of 9 parasite taxa were identified of which 6 (66.67%) and 4 (33.33%) were helminths and protozoa respectively. No Cestode and Trematode species were recovered. Trichuris spp., Toxocara spp., Strongyloides spp., Toxascaris leonine, Passalurus ambiguous and Ascaridia spp. were the helminth parasites observed in the garden. Entamoeba spp., Isospora spp. and Eimeria spp. were the protozoan parasites encountered. No remarkable seasonal variation in parasitic infection was noticed in the garden. The study revealed occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in the zoological garden, most of which are zoonotic and hence future studies are needed to determine risks of cross-transmission.

Highlights

Large populations of wild animals in captivity are affected by various diseases
Vulnerability of captive wild animals to parasitic infections depends on factors, like feeding, keeping conditions, animal management and environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity
Confining captive animals in cages accompanied with improper feeding systems and poor sanitation may lead to contamination of environment, which makes the animals more prone to different parasitic infections [4] [6] [8] [9]

Summary

Introduction

Parasite infections are one of the major problems in the wild animals in captivity. The species of the gastrointestinal parasites infecting wild animals in captivity might differ with the type of animals and the management practices [2] [3]. Animals appear to be less resistant to parasitic infections than under their natural habitats [4]. The changes in environment and living conditions from the natural habitat to captivity alter the life styles of animals, reduce disease resistance ability and increase their susceptibility to parasitic infections [5] [6] [7]. Vulnerability of captive wild animals to parasitic infections depends on factors, like feeding, keeping conditions, animal management and environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity. Parasitism, especially endoparasitic infection produces ill effects like weakness, emaciation, inappetance in zoo animals that can cause immune suppression and potentially predispose the animals to other diseases [11]

Methods

Results

Conclusion